Psychology exam 1 chapters 1 4 - Terms in this set (115) Social Psychology and Sociology differ in: level of analysis. The idea that we will protect our self-esteem by attempting to justify past behavior leads to the prediction that. choosing to go through an unpleasant experience will lead us to value the outcomes of that experience.

 
midway between the pubic bone and the cervix on the front wall of the vagina. In the context of the female sexual response, just before orgasm. the vaginal opening shrinks and the orgasmic platform is formed. At the root of the penis, the tips of the corpora cavernosa form the _____ and are anchored by muscle to the pubic bone. Crura. . Last nightpercent27s florida lottery numbers

Exam 1 Chapters 1,4,6,12.docx. 8 pages. 150test6.docx Wake Tech PSY 150 - Fall 2020 ... Chapter 1 Discussion Book: Psychology in Your Life, Third Edition, for Wake ... midway between the pubic bone and the cervix on the front wall of the vagina. In the context of the female sexual response, just before orgasm. the vaginal opening shrinks and the orgasmic platform is formed. At the root of the penis, the tips of the corpora cavernosa form the _____ and are anchored by muscle to the pubic bone. Crura. PSY3213C Unit 1 Chapter Notes; PSY3213C - Study Guide #2; Introversion AND Extraversion Relating TO Depression -2-1; Research Methods Exam 2 Study Guide; Research Methods Exam 3 Study Guide; PSY 3213C - Study Guide for Exam 1 psychology test 1. 70 terms. lauren_dini3. Lifespan Test 2: Chapter 4-9. 60 terms. maggiethegymnast. ... Psychology Exam 1 Chapter 2. 55 terms. lilomez238. American ...A) Biochemistry. B) Brain Structure. C) None of these answers. D) Genes. B) Brain Structure. Which of the following neurotransmitters is a important to consider when considering biological factors of psychopathology. A) All of these are important neurotransmitters when considering psychology. B) Norepinephrine.Start studying Social Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1,4,6). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.Adolescent Psychology (Exam 1- Chapters 1,2, & 3) 69 terms. lhende19. Adolescence Santrock Ch 2. 34 terms. linneaclausen. Other sets by this creator. Art History Exam ...ability of the brain to modify its own structure and function following changes within the body or in the external environment. 1.Womb- the number of neurons grows by about 750,000 new cells per minute. 2. birth- the connections among neurons proliferate. As we learn, we form more branches and more neural networks.Adolescent Psychology (Exam 1- Chapters 1,2, & 3) 69 terms. lhende19. Adolescence Santrock Ch 2. 34 terms. linneaclausen. Other sets by this creator. Art History Exam ...Psychology 111 Exam #1 on Chapters 1-4. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. ... Psychology 101 Exam 1 17-18. 71 terms. Marvin_Hud. Sets found in ... Exam #1: Abnormal Psychology: Chapters 1-4. An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).Start studying PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 1 (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.ability of the brain to modify its own structure and function following changes within the body or in the external environment. 1.Womb- the number of neurons grows by about 750,000 new cells per minute. 2. birth- the connections among neurons proliferate. As we learn, we form more branches and more neural networks. Exam 1, Chapters 1-4, Developmental Psychology: Childhood, PSYS 150. Term. 1 / 175. amygdala. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 175. A brain area involved in emotional reaction. Click the card to flip 👆.Social Psychology. the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people; an empirical science (observations are translated into testable hypotheses) social influence. the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our ...TEST 1: Chapters 1,2,3 & 4 Abnormal Psychology Chapter One : Past and Present Abnormal Psychology: o The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to described, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning o Many definitions have been proposed, yet none has won total acceptance o Abnormal: against the norm o The Four D’s of Abnormal Behavior: Deviance – deviation ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like abnormal psychology, continuum model of abnormality, the four D's and more.d. Sport psychology focuses on recreational athletes. c. Sport psychology is actually concerned with both sport and exercise settings. Educational sport psychology specialists usually have years of training in: a. psychology. b. education. c. sport and exercise science. d. sociology. e. educational psychology.Psychology Exam #1 (Chapters 1-4) Term. 1 / 207. Psychology. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 207. Science of behavior and mental processes. Click the card to flip 👆.What are the 4 'D's of abnormality. dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness - These constitute feelings or behaviors classified as maladaptive or abnormal. Psychic Epidemics. Large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin. dysfunction (four D's of abnormality) When behaviors, thoughts ...Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1,2,3,4) Because the changes that occur over time are patterned and orderly, human development is considered a (n) ________ process. Click the card to flip 👆. Systematic. Designing a new study based on information from a previous study. D. Designing a new study using new ideas and information. Correct Answer. A. The repetition of a study, using different participants. 7. Henry was adopted and is genetically predisposed toward alcoholism.Start studying Abnormal Psychology Exam #1 (Chapters 1-4). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.Psychology. The scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience. Behaviorism. The dominant approach to psychology in the United States starting in the first half of the 20th century, which had a singular focus on studying only observable behavior, with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible causes of behavior.Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1,2,3,4) Because the changes that occur over time are patterned and orderly, human development is considered a (n) ________ process. Click the card to flip 👆. Systematic.Terms in this set (271) Psychoanalytic theories. development in unconscious processes by emotion. Two types of fibers. (1) axon (2) dendrites. Fetal period. two months after impregnation. Behavior genetics. The influence of heredity and environment on differences in traits and development. A) Biochemistry. B) Brain Structure. C) None of these answers. D) Genes. B) Brain Structure. Which of the following neurotransmitters is a important to consider when considering biological factors of psychopathology. A) All of these are important neurotransmitters when considering psychology. B) Norepinephrine. Psychology. The scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience. Behaviorism. The dominant approach to psychology in the United States starting in the first half of the 20th century, which had a singular focus on studying only observable behavior, with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible causes of behavior. Start studying Psychology 401- Exam #1 (Chapters 1, 4, 6). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Prepare journal entries for each of the following: a. Issued a check to establish a petty cash fund of $1,150. b. The amount of cash in the petty cash fund is$250. Issued a check to replenish the fund, based on the following summary of petty cash receipts: repair expense, $725 and miscellaneous selling expense,$150.Example: An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in rats by pairing saccharin (CS) with an immunosuppressive agent (US). Ader and Cohen (1975) said that if conditioning affects the body's evident physiological responses, it will affect the immune system as well.Define psychology. the scientific study of mind and behavior. Goals of psychologists in terms of both basic science and application. psychologists seek to understand how and why people think, feel, and act. goals: 1. describe, 2. explain, 3. predict, and 4. influence behavior and mental processes. Basic Research- accumulating knowledge research.Start studying Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.d. Sport psychology focuses on recreational athletes. c. Sport psychology is actually concerned with both sport and exercise settings. Educational sport psychology specialists usually have years of training in: a. psychology. b. education. c. sport and exercise science. d. sociology. e. educational psychology.Collect information about individuals and small groups. Research Methhod: Survey. To learn about behaivoir and mental processes that cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied experimentally. Research Methhod: Experiment.Emphasis on internal mental processes -- thinking, remembering, perceiving, learning, problem-solving. Social Psychology. Examine how an individual's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by actual or perceived presence of others/society. Experimental/ Biological Psychology. Examine basic psychological processes and the physiological ...INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. UNIT1 EXAM. TAKE HOME EXAM CHAPTERS 1 and 4. DR.KUNNU. Chapter 1 : THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. The goals of psychology are to _____. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and ... Physiological Psychology (a.k.a behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology) is the study of the biology of behavior including the nervous system, evolution, genetics, and the effects of hormones, since all of these are apart of the biology of behavior. Exam 1 Chapters 1,4,6,12.docx. 8 pages. 150test6.docx Wake Tech PSY 150 - Fall 2020 ... Chapter 1 Discussion Book: Psychology in Your Life, Third Edition, for Wake ... allows researchers to describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to chose one explanation over a competing one; 4 different types 1) case study 2) observational study 3) test 4) survey. Case study. a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated based on careful observation or formal psychological testing. mental processes. The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. interchangable w cognitive. humanistic approach. An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Terms in this set (271) Psychoanalytic theories. development in unconscious processes by emotion. Two types of fibers. (1) axon (2) dendrites. Fetal period. two months after impregnation. Behavior genetics. The influence of heredity and environment on differences in traits and development. Psychology Exam 1: Chapters 1-4. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Term. 1 / 65. What is Psychology? Click the card to flip 👆 ...Oral (birth-1.5 years), Anal (1.5-3 years), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (6 years-puberty), and Genital (puberty onward) Erik Erikson Psychoanalytic theorist: 8 psychoSOCIAL stages of development; the primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature and reflects a desire to affiliate with other peopleoccipital lobe. The hemispheres of the brain are connected by a bundle of fibers called the. corpus calloseum. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli by te sense organs and brain is known as. perception. The ___ is a dark hole in the center of the ___ the colored part of the eye. Terms in this set (89) Statistics. a branch of mathematics used to summarize, analyze, and interpret a group of numbers or observations. Data. (plural) are measurements or observations that are typically numeric; a datum (singular) is a single measurement or observation, usually referred to as a score or raw score.Terms in this set (138) What two disciplines did psychology develop from? Philosophy and physiology. 3 Misconceptions of Psychology. Three misconceptions include: - Psychology is all about treating and studying mental disorders. - Psychology is based on logic and intuition. -Psychologists are best at predicting individual behavior as opposed to ...CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Questions in abnormal children seek to address: o Defining normal and abnormal behavior for all different children o ID causes and correlates of abnormal behavior o Make predictions of long-term outcomes o Develop treatment & prevention Distinguishing between child and adolescent disorders o When adults ...PSY3213C Unit 1 Chapter Notes; PSY3213C - Study Guide #2; Introversion AND Extraversion Relating TO Depression -2-1; Research Methods Exam 2 Study Guide; Research Methods Exam 3 Study Guide; PSY 3213C - Study Guide for Exam 1ability of the brain to modify its own structure and function following changes within the body or in the external environment. 1.Womb- the number of neurons grows by about 750,000 new cells per minute. 2. birth- the connections among neurons proliferate. As we learn, we form more branches and more neural networks. Verified answer. business. An industrial sewing machine uses ball bearings that are targeted to have a diameter of 0.75 0.75 inch. The lower and upper specification limits under which the ball bearings can operate are 0.74 0.74 inch and 0.76 0.76 inch, respectively. Past experience has indicated that the actual diameter of the ball bearings is ... Early: - Psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience. - To explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. Modern: - Psychologists have shown a renewed interest in consciousness (now called "cognition") and the physiological bases of behavior. Start studying Social Psychology Exam 1 Chapters 1-4. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. allows researchers to describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to chose one explanation over a competing one; 4 different types 1) case study 2) observational study 3) test 4) survey. Case study. a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated based on careful observation or formal psychological testing. Early: - Psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience. - To explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. Modern: - Psychologists have shown a renewed interest in consciousness (now called "cognition") and the physiological bases of behavior. Psychology began as a science in the disciple of. philosophy. Behavior is _______. Mental processes are ______. Observable. Private. This school of thought involves an analyst's unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings. Psychoanalysis.Psychology 101 Chapters 1-2 TEST! 42 terms. rmucasey. Psychology- Chapter 1 Test Review. 49 terms. bmarty7. Psychology Semester 1 Final Review. 441 terms. ryanthomas917.Exam 1 Chapters 1,4,6,12.docx. 8 pages. 150test6.docx Wake Tech PSY 150 - Fall 2020 ... Chapter 1 Discussion Book: Psychology in Your Life, Third Edition, for Wake ...Dr. Tharp conducts research on women's preferences in potential dating partners. She randomly selects 1,000 college women and asks them to rate many characteristics for how desirable they are in a dating partner.Define psychology. the scientific study of mind and behavior. Goals of psychologists in terms of both basic science and application. psychologists seek to understand how and why people think, feel, and act. goals: 1. describe, 2. explain, 3. predict, and 4. influence behavior and mental processes. Basic Research- accumulating knowledge research. mental processes. The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. interchangable w cognitive. humanistic approach. An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Terms in this set (70) Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology. the application of the methods, facts, and principles of the science of behavior and mental processes at work. Hawthorne studies. a long-term research program at the Hawthorne, Illinois, Western Electric Company plant. It documented the influence of a variety of managerial and ...Example: An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in rats by pairing saccharin (CS) with an immunosuppressive agent (US). Ader and Cohen (1975) said that if conditioning affects the body's evident physiological responses, it will affect the immune system as well.Collect information about individuals and small groups. Research Methhod: Survey. To learn about behaivoir and mental processes that cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied experimentally. Research Methhod: Experiment.Start studying psychology test 1 (chapters 1 -4). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 4 D's to characterize abnormality: 1. Deviance (different, extreme, bizarre) 2. Distress (unpleasant and upsetting) 3. dysfunction (interfering with functioning) 4. danger (has potential to/does produce harm to self and others)The basic approaches are trait, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, learning, and cognitive (the last two being closely related). trait approach. The theoretical view of personality that focuses on individual differences in personality and behavior, and the psychological processes behind them. biological approach.Lecture Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) A&P. 200 terms. Bailey_Schiffmann11 PLUS. ... Social Psychology 10th Edition Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy ...4 D's to characterize abnormality: 1. Deviance (different, extreme, bizarre) 2. Distress (unpleasant and upsetting) 3. dysfunction (interfering with functioning) 4. danger (has potential to/does produce harm to self and others)allows researchers to describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to chose one explanation over a competing one; 4 different types 1) case study 2) observational study 3) test 4) survey. Case study. a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated based on careful observation or formal psychological testing. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Behaviorism. an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior. Cognitive Psychology. the scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought ...Verified answer. business math. (a) A competitive firm receives a price p p for each unit of its output, and pays a price w w for each unit of its only variable input. It also incurs set-up costs of F F. Its output from using x x units of variable input is f (x)=\sqrt {x} f (x) = x.Prepare journal entries for each of the following: a. Issued a check to establish a petty cash fund of $1,150. b. The amount of cash in the petty cash fund is$250. Issued a check to replenish the fund, based on the following summary of petty cash receipts: repair expense, $725 and miscellaneous selling expense,$150.d. Sport psychology focuses on recreational athletes. c. Sport psychology is actually concerned with both sport and exercise settings. Educational sport psychology specialists usually have years of training in: a. psychology. b. education. c. sport and exercise science. d. sociology. e. educational psychology.Start studying Psychology Exam 1: Chapter 1, 2 & 4. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Cognitive Psychology Exam 1. 79 terms. megank51. Cognitive Psychology EXAM 1. 156 terms. ... Cognitive Psychology Chapter 1. 45 terms. rameenrajani7. Cognitive Psych ... midway between the pubic bone and the cervix on the front wall of the vagina. In the context of the female sexual response, just before orgasm. the vaginal opening shrinks and the orgasmic platform is formed. At the root of the penis, the tips of the corpora cavernosa form the _____ and are anchored by muscle to the pubic bone. Crura.Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Questions and 100% Correct Answers. Psychology - ANSWER 1. Early: acquired the meaning "study of the mind" 2. Current: scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes Wilhem Wundt - ANSWER -Founder of Psychology G. Stanley Hall - ANSWER -Brought Psychology to America Sigmund Frued - ANSWER ...Psychology Exam 1: Chapters 1-4. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Term. 1 / 65. What is Psychology? Click the card to flip 👆 ...Exam 1 Chapters 1,4,6,12.docx. 8 pages. 150test6.docx Wake Tech PSY 150 - Fall 2020 ... Chapter 1 Discussion Book: Psychology in Your Life, Third Edition, for Wake ... allows researchers to describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to chose one explanation over a competing one; 4 different types 1) case study 2) observational study 3) test 4) survey. Case study. a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated based on careful observation or formal psychological testing.1. Changing concepts of childhood 2. Changing concepts of old age 3. Changing ideas of the adult lifeoccipital lobe. The hemispheres of the brain are connected by a bundle of fibers called the. corpus calloseum. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli by te sense organs and brain is known as. perception. The ___ is a dark hole in the center of the ___ the colored part of the eye.Cognitive Psychology Exam 1. 79 terms. megank51. Cognitive Psychology EXAM 1. 156 terms. ... Cognitive Psychology Chapter 1. 45 terms. rameenrajani7. Cognitive Psych ...social psychology. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. hindsight bias. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) correlational research.Psychology Exam 1 Review Chapters 1-4 Chapter 1 Psychology—the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Need for Psychological Science Hindsight Bias—the I-knew-it-all-along theory; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you would have foreseen it; finding that something has happened makes it inevitable; leads us to overestimate our intuition; we need scientific ... Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Questions and 100% Correct Answers. Psychology - ANSWER 1. Early: acquired the meaning "study of the mind" 2. Current: scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes Wilhem Wundt - ANSWER -Founder of Psychology G. Stanley Hall - ANSWER -Brought Psychology to America Sigmund Frued - ANSWER ...Psychology 101 Chapters 1-2 TEST! 42 terms. rmucasey. Psychology- Chapter 1 Test Review. 49 terms. bmarty7. Psychology Semester 1 Final Review. 441 terms. ryanthomas917.

Differentiate between the two major types of receptors -- their structure, function, speed, and duration (Chapter 4). Receptors: Protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane. 1.. Rent a center online shopping

psychology exam 1 chapters 1 4

Terms in this set (271) Psychoanalytic theories. development in unconscious processes by emotion. Two types of fibers. (1) axon (2) dendrites. Fetal period. two months after impregnation. Behavior genetics. The influence of heredity and environment on differences in traits and development.Start studying Abnormal Psychology Exam #1 (Chapters 1-4). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.1. Geniephobia (Fear that you have to be a genius to conduct research.) 2. Imitatophobia (Fear of imitating the work of other researchers.) 3. Paraphernaliophobia (fear of research apparatus.) 4. Manuphobia (Fear of doing things by hand.) 5.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Charlie and Lucy are both psychologists studying the effects of a new medication to treat anxiety. They live in different states and work for different universities. Charlie completed his study on the new medication 6 months ago and has published the results. Lucy read about the study and wants to repeat the study with different ...social psychology. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. hindsight bias. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) correlational research.Psychology. The scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience. Behaviorism. The dominant approach to psychology in the United States starting in the first half of the 20th century, which had a singular focus on studying only observable behavior, with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible causes of behavior. 1. Geniephobia (Fear that you have to be a genius to conduct research.) 2. Imitatophobia (Fear of imitating the work of other researchers.) 3. Paraphernaliophobia (fear of research apparatus.) 4. Manuphobia (Fear of doing things by hand.) 5.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The science of _____ that focuses on observable _____ only. It must be directly seen and able to be measured., Defined as to how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play, it is called _____., This type of psychology focused on structure or basic elements of the mind as is called _____. and more.Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Behaviorism. an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior. Cognitive Psychology. the scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought ... Psychology began as a science in the disciple of. philosophy. Behavior is _______. Mental processes are ______. Observable. Private. This school of thought involves an analyst's unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings. Psychoanalysis.Psychology Exam 1 Review Chapters 1-4 Chapter 1 Psychology—the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Need for Psychological Science Hindsight Bias—the I-knew-it-all-along theory; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you would have foreseen it; finding that something has happened makes it inevitable; leads us to overestimate our intuition; we need scientific ... Cross Cultural Perspective. Studying the influences of culture on behavior. Scientific Method. Step 1: Formulate a testable hypothesis. Step 2: Design the study and collect the data-Descriptive & Experimental data. Step 3: Analyze the data and draw conclusions-Meta analysis. Step 4: Report the findings. Ginkgo Biloba.Start studying Psychology 401- Exam #1 (Chapters 1, 4, 6). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Differentiate between the two major types of receptors -- their structure, function, speed, and duration (Chapter 4). Receptors: Protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane. 1.Start studying Social Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1,4,6). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.Exam 1, Chapters 1-4, Developmental Psychology: Childhood, PSYS 150. Term. 1 / 175. amygdala. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 175. A brain area involved in emotional reaction. Click the card to flip 👆..

Popular Topics